Friday, November 1, 2024

From Strings to Singularity: How Technology Drives Musical Innovation

From Strings to Singularity: How Technology Drives Musical Innovation

By [Your Name]


Throughout history, technological advancements have acted as catalysts for creative musical innovations. From the invention of the pianoforte in the 18th century to the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics in the 21st century, technology has continually reshaped the musical landscape. Today, we stand on the cusp of a global technological paradigm shift that promises to redefine creativity, performance, and the very essence of music itself. This post delves into the intricate relationship between technology and music, exploring how past innovations have paved the way for the future.

Musical Evolution Timeline

An illustrative timeline showcasing key technological milestones in music history.


Introduction

Music and technology have always been intertwined, each pushing the boundaries of the other. As technology evolves, it opens new avenues for musical expression, enabling artists to explore uncharted territories. Conversely, the demands of musicians have often spurred technological innovation, leading to breakthroughs that extend beyond the realm of music. This symbiotic relationship underscores a fundamental truth: technology often precedes creative musical innovations.

In this extensive exploration, we journey from the early European instruments that laid the foundation for modern music to the AI-driven creations of today. We examine how each technological leap not only influenced musical styles and genres but also reshaped the way music is produced, distributed, and consumed globally.


European Foundations of Musical Innovation

The Pianoforte Revolution

The pianoforte, invented around 1700 by Italian instrument maker Bartolomeo Cristofori, revolutionized keyboard instruments. Unlike its predecessors—the harpsichord and clavichord—the pianoforte allowed for dynamic expression through touch sensitivity, enabling performers to play both soft (piano) and loud (forte) notes.

Bartolomeo Cristofori's Pianoforte

An early pianoforte built by Bartolomeo Cristofori, showcasing the innovative hammer mechanism.

This innovation had a profound impact on composers like Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven, who exploited the instrument's expressive capabilities to create nuanced and emotionally rich compositions. The piano became a central instrument in Western music, both in classical compositions and as a staple in households.

The Violin Family and Orchestral Expansion

The development of the violin family in 16th-century Italy by luthiers such as Andrea Amati and later Antonio Stradivari standardized the construction of the violin, viola, and cello. These instruments offered a wide range of expressive possibilities and became essential components of orchestras.

Stradivarius Violin

A Stradivarius violin, renowned for its unparalleled craftsmanship and sound quality.

The improved design and acoustics allowed virtuosos like Niccolò Paganini to push the technical boundaries of performance, inspiring composers to write more complex and challenging works.

Early Wind Instruments and Brass Innovations

The clarinet, invented in the early 18th century by German instrument maker Johann Christoph Denner, expanded the woodwind section of the orchestra. Its unique timbre and range provided composers with new sonic textures.

Similarly, the invention of the saxophone in 1840 by Belgian inventor Adolphe Sax bridged the gap between woodwind and brass instruments. Initially used in military bands, the saxophone later became a defining instrument in genres like jazz and blues.


Technological Advances Preceding Musical Innovations

The Phonograph and Recorded Sound

The invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in 1877 was a monumental leap in music technology. For the first time, sound could be recorded and played back, transforming music from a transient experience to a tangible product.

Edison's Phonograph

Thomas Edison's original phonograph, the first device capable of recording and reproducing sound.

This innovation led to the creation of the music industry as we know it, enabling the mass production and distribution of music. Composers and performers could now reach audiences far beyond live performances, influencing musical tastes and trends globally.

Mechanical Instruments: Music Boxes and Player Pianos

During the 18th and 19th centuries, mechanical instruments like music boxes and player pianos became popular. These devices automated music playback using physical media such as pinned cylinders or perforated paper rolls.

Antique Music Box

An intricate antique music box capable of playing complex melodies automatically.

Mechanical instruments not only entertained but also introduced the concept of programmable music, laying the groundwork for future technologies like MIDI and digital sequencing.

Electricity's Role in Music

The harnessing of electricity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries opened new possibilities for music. Electronic amplification allowed instruments to project sound more powerfully, leading to the development of electric versions of traditional instruments.

The telegraph and telephone demonstrated the potential of electronic signal transmission, influencing early electronic instruments like the theremin, invented by Léon Theremin in 1920. The theremin was unique in that it was played without physical contact, using electromagnetic fields to control pitch and volume.

Léon Theremin Playing His Invention

Léon Theremin demonstrating his groundbreaking instrument, which used proximity sensors to produce sound.


The Spread of Musical Technology and Globalization

Radio Broadcasting and Mass Media

The rise of radio broadcasting in the early 20th century revolutionized the dissemination of music. Radio waves carried music across continents, breaking down geographical barriers and creating a shared cultural experience.

Early Radio Broadcasting

An early radio station broadcasting music to a wide audience.

Radio enabled genres like jazz and blues, which originated in the United States, to reach European audiences. This exchange influenced European musicians and led to the development of new styles like swing and bebop.

The Electric Guitar and Amplification

The electric guitar, developed in the 1930s by innovators like George Beauchamp and Adolph Rickenbacker, transformed popular music. Amplification allowed the guitar to take center stage, cutting through the sound of big bands and orchestras.

Early Electric Guitar

One of the first commercially produced electric guitars.

The electric guitar became synonymous with rock and roll, a genre that exploded in the 1950s with artists like Chuck Berry. Rock music quickly spread worldwide, influencing countless other genres and cultures.

Multitrack Recording and Studio Innovation

Pioneered by Les Paul in the 1950s, multitrack recording allowed musicians to record separate tracks independently and layer them to create complex arrangements. This innovation led to more sophisticated studio productions.

Les Paul's Multitrack Recorder

Les Paul's custom-built multitrack recorder, which revolutionized studio recording techniques.

Albums like "Pet Sounds" by The Beach Boys and "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" by The Beatles showcased the creative potential of studio technology, pushing the boundaries of what could be achieved in recorded music.


Correlating Technological Advances with Musical Trends

Synthesizers and Electronic Music

The introduction of the Moog synthesizer in 1964 by Robert Moog brought electronic sounds into mainstream music. Synthesizers allowed musicians to create entirely new sounds that were not possible with traditional instruments.

Moog Synthesizer

An early Moog synthesizer, featuring modular components and analog sound generation.

Electronic music pioneers like Wendy Carlos, whose album "Switched-On Bach" (1968) featured classical compositions played on a Moog synthesizer, demonstrated the instrument's versatility. Bands like Kraftwerk further explored electronic music, influencing genres such as techno, house, and ambient.

Drum Machines and the Rise of Hip-Hop

The invention of the Roland TR-808 drum machine in 1980 had a profound impact on music production. Its distinctive sounds became foundational in genres like hip-hop, electronic, and pop.

Roland TR-808 Drum Machine

The Roland TR-808, whose sounds have become iconic in modern music.

Artists like Afrika Bambaataa utilized the TR-808 in tracks like "Planet Rock", blending electronic sounds with hip-hop rhythms. The affordability and programmability of drum machines democratized music production, enabling more artists to create and innovate.

MIDI and Digital Communication in Music

Introduced in 1983, the Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) protocol standardized communication between electronic instruments and computers. MIDI allowed devices from different manufacturers to work together, facilitating complex arrangements and live performances.

MIDI Setup Diagram

Diagram illustrating how MIDI connects various musical devices for synchronized performance.

MIDI's introduction led to the rise of synth-pop in the 1980s, with bands like Depeche Mode and New Order leveraging electronic instruments to craft new sonic landscapes.


The Digital Revolution and Democratization of Music

Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs)

The emergence of Digital Audio Workstations in the 1990s revolutionized music production. Software like Pro Tools, Logic Pro, and Ableton Live provided powerful tools for recording, editing, and mixing music digitally.

Digital Audio Workstation Interface

Screenshot of a modern DAW, showcasing multi-track recording and editing capabilities.

DAWs made professional-quality production accessible to anyone with a computer, leading to the rise of independent artists and genres like bedroom pop. Artists such as Billie Eilish produced chart-topping music from home studios, highlighting the democratization of music creation.

Internet and Streaming Services

The widespread adoption of the internet and the advent of streaming services like Napster, Spotify, and Apple Music transformed how music is distributed and consumed.

Music Streaming Service

An example of a music streaming interface, offering access to a vast library of songs.

These platforms broke down traditional barriers, allowing artists to reach global audiences without the need for major labels. Listeners gained access to a vast diversity of music, fostering cross-cultural exchanges and the emergence of global music trends.

Virtual Instruments and Home Studios

Virtual instruments (VSTs) and plugins enabled musicians to emulate a wide range of instruments digitally. This technology reduced the need for physical instruments and studios, further lowering the barriers to entry for music production.

Virtual Instrument Plugin

An example of a virtual instrument plugin interface within a DAW.

Producers could now experiment with orchestral sounds, synthesizers, and exotic instruments from around the world, all within their digital workstations.


AI, Robotics, and the Future of Music

AI in Composition and Performance

Artificial intelligence has begun to play a significant role in music creation. OpenAI's MuseNet and AIVA (Artificial Intelligence Virtual Artist) are capable of composing original music across various styles and genres.

AI Music Composition

Visualization of AI algorithms generating music compositions.

These AI systems analyze vast amounts of musical data to generate compositions that are sometimes indistinguishable from human-created music. Artists use AI as a collaborative tool, exploring new creative possibilities.

Robotic Musicians and Interactive Technologies

Robotics have entered the musical domain with creations like Shimon, a robotic marimba player developed at Georgia Tech. Shimon uses AI to improvise and interact with human musicians in real time.

Shimon the Robotic Musician

Shimon performing alongside human musicians, demonstrating advanced improvisational capabilities.

Robotic musicians challenge traditional performance paradigms and open up possibilities for new forms of interactive and multimedia art.

Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) in Music

VR and AR technologies are creating immersive musical experiences. Virtual concerts and interactive music environments allow audiences to engage with music in novel ways.

Virtual Reality Concert

Audience members attending a virtual reality concert, experiencing immersive performances.

Artists can perform in virtual spaces, transcending physical limitations and reaching global audiences simultaneously. VR and AR also enable new forms of musical expression, blending visual art with sound.


A Global Technological Paradigm Shift

The Democratization of Music Creation

Technology has democratized music creation, allowing individuals from diverse backgrounds to produce and share music globally. Affordable software and hardware mean that geographic location and financial resources are less of a barrier than ever before.

Global Music Collaboration

Musicians from different parts of the world collaborating online in real time.

Platforms like BandLab and Soundtrap facilitate online collaboration, connecting artists worldwide. This global network fosters cultural fusion and the emergence of new, hybrid genres.

Redefining Creativity and Authorship

AI and robotics challenge traditional notions of creativity and authorship. If a machine can compose a symphony or perform a complex piece, what does it mean to be a musician or composer?

AI and Human Collaboration

Artists working alongside AI systems to create music.

These questions prompt a reevaluation of artistic value and the role of human emotion and experience in art. The future may see new models of collaboration between humans and machines, each bringing unique strengths to the creative process.

Global Collaboration and Cultural Fusion

The ease of global communication has led to increased collaboration between artists from different cultures. Musicians blend styles, instruments, and languages, creating music that resonates with a diverse, global audience.

Cultural Fusion in Music

An ensemble featuring instruments and musicians from various cultural backgrounds.

This cultural fusion enriches the musical landscape, introducing new sounds and perspectives. Technology acts as the bridge that connects these artists, facilitating the exchange of ideas and creativity.


Conclusion

From the early innovations of European instrument makers to the cutting-edge developments in AI and robotics, technology has consistently preceded and propelled musical innovation. Each technological breakthrough has expanded the boundaries of creativity, leading to new genres, styles, and experiences.

As we embrace AI and robotics, we are witnessing a global technological paradigm shift that will redefine music. The integration of these technologies promises not only new sounds but also new relationships between technology and human creativity.

The future of music lies in this ongoing dialogue between artists and technology, each pushing the other toward new horizons. Whether through AI-generated compositions, robotic performances, or immersive virtual experiences, the next chapter in music history will be written by those who dare to explore the possibilities that technology offers.


References

  1. Sachs, Curt. The History of Musical Instruments. W. W. Norton & Company, 1940.
  2. Kamien, Roger. Music: An Appreciation. McGraw-Hill Education, 2017.
  3. "Moog Synthesizer." Moog Music Inc., www.moogmusic.com.
  4. "The Impact of the TR-808 Drum Machine." Roland Corporation, www.roland.com.
  5. "OpenAI's MuseNet." OpenAI, openai.com/blog/musenet.
  6. "Shimon: The Robotic Musician." Georgia Tech Center for Music Technology, music.gatech.edu/shimon.

What are your thoughts on the impact of AI and robotics on music? Do you see these technologies as tools that enhance human creativity, or do they pose a challenge to the authenticity of artistic expression? Share your opinions in the comments below!

Music and Technology Infographic

An infographic summarizing the interplay between technological advancements and musical innovations over time.


Monday, September 30, 2024

The Rise of Autonomous LLMs and AI-Ready PCs

The Rise of Autonomous LLMs and AI-Ready PCs: A Techno-Optimist's Perspective

In recent years, the landscape of artificial intelligence has been rapidly evolving, with two significant trends standing out: the development of autonomous Large Language Models (LLMs) that can operate offline, and the emergence of AI-ready PCs. These advancements are not just incremental improvements but represent a paradigm shift in how we interact with technology. Let's dive into these trends and explore their implications for the near future.

Autonomous LLMs: Bringing AI Offline

The ability to run powerful AI models offline is a game-changer. Platforms like HuggingFace, GPT4All, and Text Generation Web UI are leading the charge by offering open-source models that can be run locally. This shift towards offline capabilities addresses several critical concerns:

  • Privacy: Running AI models locally ensures that your data remains on your device, significantly reducing privacy risks.
  • Accessibility: Offline models make AI accessible in areas with limited or no internet connectivity.
  • Cost Efficiency: By eliminating the need for constant cloud access, users can save on data costs and subscription fees.

AI-Ready PCs: The Future of Personal Computing

The advent of AI-ready PCs, such as Microsoft's Copilot PCs and ASUS AI-Ready Laptops, marks another significant milestone. These computers come equipped with specialized hardware designed to handle AI tasks efficiently. Here are some key benefits:

  • Enhanced Performance: AI-ready PCs can perform complex computations faster, making them ideal for tasks like video editing, gaming, and data analysis.
  • Energy Efficiency: Specialized AI hardware can perform tasks more efficiently, reducing power consumption.
  • Versatility: These PCs are not just for tech enthusiasts; they offer practical benefits for everyday users, from improved productivity tools to enhanced gaming experiences.

Challenges and Limitations

While the advancements in autonomous LLMs and AI-ready PCs are promising, there are still several challenges and limitations to consider:

  • Hardware Requirements: Running advanced AI models locally requires significant computational power, which may not be accessible to everyone.
  • Model Size and Efficiency: Large models can be resource-intensive, requiring substantial memory and storage, which can be a barrier for some users.
  • Software Compatibility: Ensuring that AI models run smoothly across different operating systems and hardware configurations can be challenging.
  • Security Risks: While local processing enhances privacy, it also requires robust security measures to protect against potential vulnerabilities.

Ethical Considerations

As we embrace these technological advancements, it's crucial to address the ethical considerations involved:

  • Bias and Fairness: AI models can inadvertently perpetuate biases present in their training data. Ensuring fairness and mitigating bias is essential to prevent discrimination and ensure equitable outcomes.
  • Transparency: Users should be aware of how AI models make decisions. Transparency in AI processes helps build trust and allows for better understanding and accountability.
  • Data Privacy: While local processing enhances privacy, it also requires robust security measures to protect against potential vulnerabilities. Ensuring data privacy and security is paramount.
  • Environmental Impact: The computational power required for running advanced AI models can have a significant environmental impact. Developing energy-efficient models and hardware is crucial to minimize this footprint.

Forecasting the Future: Implications and Opportunities

As these technologies continue to mature, we can expect several exciting developments:

  • Mainstream Adoption: As hardware becomes more affordable and software more user-friendly, we will see broader adoption of AI-ready PCs and offline LLMs.
  • Innovation in Applications: From healthcare to education, the ability to run AI offline will open up new possibilities for innovation in various fields.
  • Enhanced Security: With more data being processed locally, the risk of data breaches and cyber-attacks will decrease, leading to a more secure digital environment.

In conclusion, the rise of autonomous LLMs and AI-ready PCs represents a significant leap forward in the world of technology. These advancements promise to make AI more accessible, secure, and efficient, paving the way for a future where AI is seamlessly integrated into our daily lives.


Sources


What do you think about these trends? Are you excited about the future of AI? Let me know in the comments below!

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"All the world is a very narrow bridge"

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Thursday, May 12, 2022

Neuroplasticity is a 2 phase process: it is initiated by alert, focused states, but consolidated during sleep. --- @HubermanLab


@HubermanLab


BRAIN CHANGE REQUIRES REPEATED BOUTS OF FOCUS & ALERTNESS FOLLOWED BY BOUTS OF SLEEP & NSDR. - During childhood, learning can occur more passively but as we approach adulthood, somewhere around age 25, the mechanisms of neuroplasticity shift. - Learning to toggle back-and-forth between focus and rest is the best data supported way to drive neuroplasticity. This to learn and improve at anything, we all need to learn to master focus and rest and how to transition between the two. Non-sleep deep rest can help you get better at sleeping. There’s also evidence that it can enhance neuroplasticity. You can find NSDR protocols at zero cost on YouTube. - For more information on neuroplasticity focus and sleep, including tools for getting better at all of them, check out the Huberman Lab Podcast episode on mastering sleep and the episode on focus, at hubermanlab.com Everything is time stamped so you can navigate quickly to the topic of interest. - Meanwhile, put your questions in the comments section below this post. I’ll host an Instagram live later this week and I’ll answer those questions first. Thank you for your interest in science! - @hubermanlab @stanford.med @stanford @nihgov @nimhgov @nih_nccih @societyforneuroscience @cellpress - #neuroscience #science #ciencia #neurociencia #learn #neuroplasticity #focus #motivate #sleep #NSDR

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The Dangerousness of Mercury Vapor By Alfred Stock, Berlin-Dahlem Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fuer Chemie (Eingeg. Febr. 9, 1926)

The Dangerousness of Mercury Vapor By Alfred Stock

The Dangerousness of Mercury Vapor By Alfred Stock, Berlin-Dahlem Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fuer Chemie (Eingeg. Febr. 9, 1926) Translated by Birgit Calhoun

Wayback Machine http://hgtech.com/HSE/1926.htm OCT APR MAY Previous capture 16 Next capture 2006 2007 2008 10 captures 14 Mar 2006 - 16 Apr 2007 About this capture The Dangerousness of Mercury Vapor By Alfred Stock, Berlin-Dahlem Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fuer Chemie (Eingeg. Febr. 9, 1926) Translated by Birgit Calhoun Zeitschrift fuer angewandte Chemie, 29. Jahrgang, 15. April 1926, Nr. 15, S. 461-466, Die Gefaehrlichkeit des Quecksilberdampfes, von Alfred Stock (1926) When I am making the decision to report without hesitation to a wider circle about my personal problems, which ordinarily wouldn't concern others and would not be worthy of publication, I am driven by the intense desire to warn emphatically all those who have to deal with metallic mercury about the dangers of this unstable metal, and to save them from the horrible experiences which have spoiled a great part of my life. Today I can speak about them freely because luckily they have been concluded, and they are are behind me with sufficient distance. The insidious horror of mercury is not nearly sufficiently well known and is being taken note of too little in those places where one is particularly threatened by it, in chemical and physical laboratories. For nearly 25 years I have suffered from ailments, which, in the beginning, arose only occasionally, then gradually got worse and worse and finally increased to unbearable proportions so that I disparingly doubted my ability to to continue to work scientifically. The cause was understood neither by me nor many outstanding physicians. They thought that it was possible that it could be found in the especially narrow built of the nasal passages and an unusual irritability of the nasal mucosa. Becuase of this, I underwent decades of treatments of the nose with cauterizations, burnings, massages, electrification, and bloody operations. Without success. Two years ago--a few of my colleagues fell ill with similar symptoms--it was accidentally discovered that it had to do with an insidious poisoning by mercury vapor. In my chemical work, which involves testing of volatile substances by the "vacuum method," which uses mercury-tubs, -pumps, -manometers, and -valves1), I had been in constant contact with mercury for 25 years. Today there is no doubt about the diagnosis any more because all my symptoms, although not gone completely, have more or less been diminished2), after having avoided inhaling mercury vapors for the last two years without the use of any other healing methods. First I am describing the difficulties as they developed in me over time. They are identical to an insidious mercury poisoning in every detail. I was able to convince myself of this through my colleagues and other peers, who suffered and still suffer from mercury vapor poisoning. Some of them, it is noted, were not cognizant of the origin of their difficulties. Many pertinent symptoms have, up to now, been insufficiently described. At any rate, insidious mercury vapor poisoning has not received the attention it deserves. With me the situation began with slight intermittent headaches and mild drowsiness, which increased gradually, over the years, to constant nervous restlessness and "jitteriness." Head-pressure impaired the ability to think. It worsened and finally became an almost uninterrupted vexing headache (sits mostly over the eyes). I had strong vertigo, which was occasionally connected with visual disturbances (unclear and double vision). Soon the upper air passages were involved as well. This started with a slight transient nose cold. This was followed by a constant "stuffy nose," which later turned into severe nose, throat and sinus infections. They were followed, one by one, almost without interruption, by pussy, often bloody, mucosal discharge and scabbing, frequent sore throats and ear aches connected to auditory loss and loss of smell (some sense of smell remained; e.g. cyanic acid). There was a distaste for tobacco smoke. During the last years prior to recognition of the poisoning, there were added signs: a strong flow of saliva, a sour, insipid taste in the mouth, infections of the eyes and oral mucosa. There were little blisters, sensitive and sore areas on the tongue, the palate, the gums and the insides of the lips and cheeks. There was reddening of the gums and slight bleeding while brushing the teeth. There were toothaches, receding of the gums and formation of "pockets" and temporary loosening of individual teeth. The mouth and tooth signs revealed themselves only (in part they only reached their peak months after recognition of the poisoning) because, since my youth, I have been taking good care of my teeth (among other things nightly long rinses with 1 and 1/2% hydrogen peroxyde solution and sodium bicarbonate). If this hadn't been the case, I might possibly have become aware of the cause of my problems through mouth infections. Other signs were: Mental weariness and exhaustion, lack of inclination and inability to perform any, particularly mental, work, and increased need for sleep. There were tremors of the spread-out fingers and also sometimes the eyelids. There was pain in various locations of the body, tearing in the back and limbs, and pressure in the liver area. At times, there were disturbances of stomach and intestinal activity, loss of appetite, sudden bladder pressure, isolated bouts of diarrhea, which occurred without other possible causes. There were sudden blistery rashes, e.g. on the insides of the arms and thighs. The most depressing accompanying sign relating to mental work was the diminshment of memory. My memory, which had previously been excellent, left more and more to be desired and became worse and worse until, two years ago, I suffered from nearly complete memory loss. Only with the help of extensive notes and great effort was I able to put together a scientific paper or deliver a lecture. I forgot the telephone number on the way from the telephone book to the telephone. I forgot everything that I had once learned by heart. I forgot the content of the book or theater play I had just read or seen as well as my own work, which had been published. It was impossible for me to remember numbers and names. Often even the names of good acquaintances were lost. Specifically, I lost the ability for arithmetic and mathematical figuring. Also my chess playing ability suffered. The impairment of memory, particularly that of people memory and the worsening ability to do arithmetic, seem to be signs peculiar to insidious mercury vapor poisoning. This showed itself in blatant form in my co-workers and other people whom I got to know who had been under the influence of mercury for a longer period of time. Soon after all of us in the laboratory had found out what was wrong with us, we sat down together to put down on paper a completed piece of work where we had to do a lot of mathematics. None of us was able to add up columns of ten to twenty multi-digit numbers without making mistakes. While my physical ability, e.g. mountain climbing, did not seem to have been weakened, the ability to work mentally suffered a little, although not in as devastating a fashion as had been the case with memory. Added to that were depression, and a vexing inner restlessness, which later also caused restless sleep. By nature companionable and loving life, I withdrew moodily into myself, shied away from the public, stayed away from people and social activity, and unlearned the joy in art and nature. Humor became rusty. Obstacles, which formerly I would have overlooked smilingly (and am overlooking again today), seemed insurmountable. Scientific work caused great effort. I forced myself to go to the laboratory without being able to get anything useful accomplished in spite of all efforts. Thought came laboriously and pedantically. I had to deny myself working on solutions to questions beyond the nearest tasks at hand. The lecture that used to be a pleasure became a torture. The preparations for a lecture, the writing of a dissertation, or merely a simple letter caused unending effort in styling the material and wrestling with the language. Not seldom did it happen that I misspelled words or left out letters. It was not nice to be aware of these shortcomings, not to know their cause, not to know a way to their elimination, and to have to fear further deterioration. All attempts to improve the situation went awry. Staying in the mountains for many weeks did not help. I felt hardly less ill than in Berlin. The nose treatments and operations sometimes brought short-lived, yet never lasting relief. It was peculiar that all mental difficulties disappeared for hours when the physician treated certain areas of the mucosa of the upper nose with cocaine. When the right spot was hit, headache and vertigo disappeared sometimes in a few minutes; memory, inclination to work, and good mood reappeared, but, sadly, only as fleeting guests. Sometimes I made use of this possibility to call them up before a lecture, an important meeting etc. As already indicated, my colleagues in the laboratory, my assistants, doctorants [PhD Candidates], and female lab workers had already suffered for some time from all kinds of problems: Fatigue without recognizable cause, worsened memory, mild headaches and drowsiness, occasional digestive disturbances, limb aches, slight mouth inflammation, nose colds [runny nose], sinusitis etc. The difficulties expressed themselves differently from person to person, whereby they came to light foremost in the areas of lowest resistance. All of them showed fatigue and diminished ability to perform mental tasks [work]. But nobody had the idea that the cause of it could be the same for all of us. Only the convergence of several lucky/unlucky circumstances finally opened our eyes. In 1921, out of frugality, we had switched off the much more expensive power consuming electrical ventilation system of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute for Chemistry. Since the middle of 1923, two of my colleagues, an assistant and a Spanish guest, were working on gas density measurements, which required maintaining a constant temperature, and for this reason kept the windows and doors closed if possible. The work had to be done by the spring of 1924 because my assistant wanted to go into industry, and the Spanish colleague wanted to return home. The work was performed hastily so that our ordinarily scrupulous cleanliness suffered in every room. Spilled mercury remained unattended, and much of it lay under tripods, in cracks and slits between the floor boards and on tables. Thus the conditions presented themselves that, instead of the slow insidious mercury poisoning, the more easily recognizable acute mercury poisoning became apparent. The assistant fell ill more seriously, not only with headaches, mental fatigue etc., but also with stronger bodily deterioration; with tooth abscesses and such. His brother, a physician, suspected that the symptom complex pointed to mercury poisoning. The experienced poison researcher L. Lewin [Louis Lewin, 1850-1929] whom we consulted checked out all laboratory personnel and declared that, based on his experience, he was certain that all of us were suffering from mercury poisoning. Indeed the test showed (according to the procedure described in the following memorandum) mercury in the air of the workrooms as well as in the urine of all involved. The mercury content of the air in the individual rooms was quite varied: Depending on the results of the specimens it showed thousandth or hundredth of mg, i.e. only a small fraction of what the air under saturation with mercury vapor can accomodate. At room temperature, taking .001 mm mercury saturation pressure as its base value, this figures to be about 12 mg per cubic meter. Since man breathes in about 1/2 cubic meter air per hour, and the inhaled mercury apparently3) is retained for the most part in the lungs, it would require a very extended period of time in mercury saturated air to suffer from acute mercury poisoning. However it takes a long time after inhaling mercury containing air before the poisoning becomes obvious. For one or more years the signs may be limited to fatigue and slow diminuition of mental performance and memory. Thus the already mentioned Spanish colleague, for example, showed outward signs of inflammation of the oral cavity only at the very end of the year he stayed in our laboratory. The symptoms reached their climax months after he had left us, and after he was removed from the influence of mercury. He had noticed the mental effects much earlier without being able to explain the cause. "For me, it was," he said, "as if I was getting dumber and dumber in Germany." And I had to make similar observations with my remaining co-workers. Thus all my PhD candidates had difficulty withstanding the rigors of the doctor's exams. The PhD candidates and assistants recovered after a few years, once they had left the laboratory without being aware of the mercury poisoning. As for me, the effects of the minute amounts of mercury increased over the course of decades as described in the following narrative. Particularly significant for insidious mercury poisoning is a noticeable coming and going of symptoms. Following a few days or weeks of improved well-being comes, sometimes setting in suddenly, a time of increased ill health. This also happens in the form of frequent relapses during the recovery period. As soon as my illness had reached its pinnacle, there were, as a rule, one or two tolerable days. Then the saliva flow, runny nose, and sinusitis, starting from the nose down to the throat and sliding down to the bronchi, increased again. There were tooth inflammations, highest fatigability and drowsiness, vexing headache, often also tearing and diarrhea. Headache, drowsiness and memory loss are connected to the irritation of the nerves leading to the upper part of the nose seen in the already mentioned effect of cocaine application on the nasal mucosa. Apparently there are many similarities between insidious mercury poisoning and the better known lead poisoning. The [latter] is more thoroughly researched because it happens more often in industry. It, too, concerns mainly the nervous system and shows the same waxing and waning of the symptom complex4). "After a period of health the poison can suddenly, without cause, display its effects again by evoking an attack of lead colic or other symptoms. This phenomenon can only be explained by the poison having been encapsulated for a long time in a place in the body to which, suddenly, the circulation has access again..."5). According to F. Schuetz and H. Bernhardt6) lead deposits itself preferably in the spleen, gall bladder, and brain, and is primarily excreted with the bile, possibly also through the colon wall. The kidneys, in this case, are less involved in the acute and chronic course of poisoning. Mercury seems to act similarly. After one year of excluding mercury as the cause of mercury poisoning, it could not be detected in my urine, in spite of the fact that there were still very strong signs of illness. The saliva, however, still contained mercury7). After we had recognized the source of our illness, our first worry was how to protect ourselves from mercury in the future. The first thing, of course, was to remove carefully everything on tables, in drawers, slits, cracks and joints, and under damaged areas of the linoleum flooring, whereby a modified "vacuum cleaner" (consisting of suction connection, suction bottle with a long rubber hose in front of which was attached a cut-burner type widened glass nozzle) served us well. We had the linoleum repaired. All cracks in the work tables were eliminated. The dangerous corners between floors and the so-called scrub molding were rounded off (putty, painted with oil paint) so that they were more easily accessible for cleaning. Wherever tripods stood for a longer period of time, the joints between tripod and table tops were also closed off with putty. All open mercury surfaces on tubs, manometer holders etc. were covered as completely as possible with fit-cut cellon plates. We avoided eating in the work rooms or saving food and took especially good care cleaning our hands (particularly brushing our finger nails) after handling mercury. We also paid good attention so that no mercury fell into pockets and folds of the work coats. Moreover we gave full attention to the airing out of the work rooms by testing the success with air analyses (Compare the following memorandum). It was soon apparent that the reinstallation of the strong house ventilation system (very strong ventilators in the attic suck the air out through hoods; fresh air enters from channels through flaps above the doors) was not nearly sufficient enough to make the air mercury free. The situation in our laboratory is inopportune in that we are working with particularly many mercury apparatuses whereby open mercury surfaces and occasional sprinkling of mercury is not altogether avoidable. An added factor is that the work rooms in the very modern and well-built and furnished Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut for Chemistry are so large (several hundred cubic meters air space) that the air does not get renewed fast enough by the ventilation system. In this regard smaller rooms may be advantageous because, naturally, the same ventilation works better and causes faster replacement of the air8). Sufficiently airing ventilation, in this case, as it turned out, is obtainable only through constantly opening windows and creating a draft (regulated by temperature, windspeed, and -direction). At the same time the ventilation system is at work. Because it rests at night, the laboratory is being supplied with fesh air through opening the windows wide. This measure is repeated at noon. Thus we have succeded in keeping the laboratory air so clean that traces are detectable only in small quantities, and we can continue working with our mercury apparatuses without having to fear new health problems. Whenever one deals with mercury one should devote great care to the testing and cleanliness of the air. One should check the airstream situation in the work space9) and provide for as much fresh air as possible. It goes without saying that all work with mercury, if at all possible, should be performed under hoods10). That is the only way that protects from damage with certainty. These precautions are necessary even if one has to choose the path through the Scylla of mercury poisoning and the Charybdis of a cold. A chemical removal of mercury cannot be obtained according to our experiences. It had been suggested to distribute sulfur powder or zinc dust in the work place. We also tried large foil flags that were hung in long rows from the ceiling. Although tin foil amalgamates quickly if you put it into a closed container next to mercury, it failed in this case: The mercury content in the air did not lessen noticeably; one tin flag (33 X 100cm area; weighing 57g), which had hung for 11 months over a mercury apparatus, was weighed afterwards. It contained only .005 mg mercury. The recovery from insidious mercury poisoning, after the removal of the poison source, takes place very slowly. Professor Lewin predicted this, and the development of our wellbeing confirmed this. The time period is visibly connected to the duration of the poisoning, and possibly also to how old you are. My co-workers who had left the laboratory were, thankfully, rid of their problems in the course of 1 - 2 years and have fully recovered the freshness of their thinking ability and memory. Nevertheless, even they had to suffer for a long time from relapses not only of mental but also of physical nature (particularly mouth inflammation). Some assistants and female lab workers continued to work here where they, unfortunately, cannot operate without mercury. Even today, after two years, they are still suffering from clearly visible, but steadily diminishing, after-effects of the poisoning. As for me, who was exposed to the damaging influences for over 20 years, the recovery apparently is taking the longest. All in all, I recovered the ability to work. I had only occasional relapses (headaches, drowsiness and mild mouth inflammation). Considering the course of the recovery up to now, I do not doubt, however, that my last co-workers and I will lose our symptoms completely. It seems that you have to count on it to take years to excrete the mercury again that took years to build up in the body. In this regard the following case has been educational to me recently, which at the same time proves that it is irrelevant for the course of insidious mercury poisoning whether the poison gets into the body via the lungs or through the skin11) A medical assistant who had applied mercury salve therapy on his patients fell ill in 1905 with those symptoms (moodiness, headache, vertigo), which gradually got worse (fatigue, unbearable headache, oral inflammation, loosening and loss of teeth, constant runny nose, sinusitis, sore throat, ringing in the ears, hearing and vision disturbances). Only in 1911 was the situation recognized as mercury poisoning. The man stopped applying the salve therapy, but still needed many years before he lost his symptoms. After 1914, when he went to war he suffered from headaches and drowsiness. Today as a fifty-five-year-old he is again the picture of health and quite youthful. It seems that an existing mercury intoxication preconditions a special sensitivity vis-a-vis renewed exposure from mercury vapor. Some of us who, at our work, and also during occasional mistakes with ventilation, had come in contact again with more mercury, noticed this soon because of the stronger symptomatology after the relapses. That is not surprising because, as the long development period of the insidious illness shows, a certain borderline value has to be reached before noticeable symptoms appear. The borderline value is certainly exceded for a long time, even during recovery, so that each added amount of mercury worsens your wellbeing at once. On doctor's orders we tried to hasten the recovery in various ways through use of diuretics and emetics, through hot baths and prolonged use of small amounts of sodium iodide. I do not get the impression that healing was particularly accelerated. The iodide has the reputation of bringing the metal into soluble form from insoluble organic mercury compounds. This is the form in which the mercury is probably anchored in the body. As far as I am concerned, there was no proof that significantly more mercury was excreted after addition of iodide. No progress was to be expected from diuretics, as already mentioned, since the mercury excretion in the urine had stopped relatively soon altogether. The healing arts are sadly lacking in medicines that detoxify mercury in the body 12). Exercize in fresh air is still best suited to make the subjective symptoms less noticeable. With milder headaches and vertigo Novalgin has been proven worthwhile as a palliative. All in all, it has to be left to time to become master over this destroyer of peace. For me even a four-week long stay in the high mountains and an ocean voyage to southerly latitudes brought hardly any progress, (which normally occurs with unaffected people), although, naturally, the mental relaxation helped the nerves. Why were our illnesses not recognized sooner as being mercury poisoning? I have often asked myself this question, not without self-accusations. The first signs, those that preceded the oral signs of slow mercury poisoning, are hardly known by the medical profession.13) They consist only of fatigue, lowering of thinking and memory skills, slight headaches and drowsiness and rare occasional diarrhea. In the same way, it was little known until now that the nose and remaining breathing passages are being compromised in the form of a runny nose and sinusitis. But exactly these symptoms brought me and the physicians who treated me on the wrong track, and have been misleading in other cases that I have come to know about. Thus one of my assistants was treated for a long time for a sinus infection before the true cause came to light. By the way, balanced judgment of the bad situation becomes impaired in those who are affected exactly because of the existing drowsiness: "Quem Mercurius perdere vult, dementat prius!" [Whom Mercury wants to destroy, he first robs of his mind!] At this time I would like to warn about a little known source of insidious mercury poisoning: It is amalgam tooth fillings. Professor Lewin suggested to me at once, when he noticed mercury poisoning in me, to replace all amalgam fillings--of which I had a considerable number in my mouth since early youth--with other fillings. Telling me this, he recalled a case of a university colleague who was at the edge of mental and physical collapse when the cause was found just in time. It was found in the numerous amalgam fillings stemming from the time when he was young. After their removal slow recovery followed.14) Dentists used to prefer copper and cadmium amalgams and now often use the so-called silver amalgams for tooth fillings because these amalgams are easy to work with and fill out the cavities well. Silver amalgam is superior to the earlier named amalgams, which corode and rot over time. However it, too, releases mercury at room temperature as the following assays15) proved to us: We enclosed silver amalgam samples in an evacuated glass tube, which was bent [in the middle] at a ninety-degree angle with the ends melted shut. The horizontal tube shank with the amalgam piece was kept warm at 30-35 degrees C; the other shank serving as a recepticle, was cooled with ice or liquid air. We then measured the mercury that had sublimated in the receptacle in all cases. I. Amalgam piece carefully made for this purpose by dentist in the state-of-the-art method from metal powder and mercury: .801 g. Enclosed by melting into glass tube 24 hours after manufacture. Warmed [30-35 degrees] for 23 days. Receptacle in ice. Distilled mercury = 11.2 mg II. Same as above: .810 g. Kept for three weeks to make hardening as complete as possible. Only after that period of time was it enclosed by melting into glass tube. Warmed [30-35 degrees] for 12 days. Receptacle in liquid air. Distilled mercury = 15.3 mg III. Amalgam piece made by taking care using as little mercury as possible: 1.000 g. As in II. was kept in the open for three weeks. Warmed [30-35 degrees] for 9 days. Receptacle in ice. Distilled mercury = 8.2 mg IV. Amalgam filling, which had been in a tooth for years and had fallen out: .894 g. Warmed [30-35 degrees] for 14 days. Receptacle in liquid air. Distilled mercury = 29.4 mg Without doubt, the fillings that were used here in the laboratory would have allowed mercury to evaporate from the mouth as well and supplied the inhaled air with a small amount of mercury, which, in the long run, has to be harmful. The old copper and cadmium amalgams are likely to be even more harmful. For some time, one of my faculty colleagues had been suffering from occasional headaches and drowsiness the cause of which he couldn't explain. After he had an old amalgam filling removed, which had caused a slight infection near the tooth in question, his symptoms disappeared gradually. After its removal the filling showed itself as crumbly and laced with mercury droplets, throughout. Dental medicine should do without the application of amalgam as means for filling teeth altogether or, at least, wherever at all possible. There is no doubt that many complaints such as fatigue, memory weakness, oral inflammation, diarrhea, lack of appetite, chronic runny nose and sinusitis are sometimes caused by mercury that has been directed to the body from amalgam fillings, maybe only in small quantities, but constantly. The physicians should give this fact the most serious attention. Then it will probably become apparent that the frivolous introduction of amalgams as tooth filling device was a nasty sin against humanity. Insidious mercury poisonings are certainly much more common than ordinarily thought. This is true particularly for chemists and physicists who so often have to work with it. The great danger here is being noted much too little, and the true cause of symptoms and illness is often not recognized. In literature you find almost nothing about this.16) Since the discovery of our misfortune I have found out about a dozen certain cases of insidious mercury poisoning, just in the circle of my acquaintances. They almost always have the same symptoms. Often the correct cause was missed and therefore the correct treatment was missed as well. An important example is that of a foreign colleague who had been working with mercury apparatus' for a long time. When he visited me and I asked him whether he had ever felt any mercury poisoning, he decidedly said that he had not. Upon further questioning about his health he then admitted: "I am in bad shape. For years I have been suffering from neurasthenia and had to stay away from the laboratory from time to time." The doctors had tried all kinds of things with him. They had treated him for stomach, intestinal, and ribcage disease with a special diet etc. In reality what he had been dealing with was full-blown mercury poisoning without doubt. One unknowing victim of mercury poisoning has probably been Faraday. In the last two to three decades of his life, which came to an end in his late seventies, he was bothered increasingly by health problems, which made his scientific work more and more difficult, and which played a significant role in his letters and descriptions of his life. They were diagnosed by physicians as neurasthenia and early onset arteriosclerosis. They consisted of, at times, strong mental and physical fatigue, "irritable weakness," headaches, vertigo, "rheumatism" and, more than anything else, constant increasing memory loss.17) Faraday, being spared serious "bodily" illnesses, was even in old age a strong hiker and swimmer. But he avoided people for the last third of his life. Scientific work, including his lectures, were continued with long interruptions into the last decade of his life. It is heart rending to read in the great researcher's letters that he went to see his physician friend so often to complain to him about vertigo and headache, that he couldn't remember names, that he was losing the connections with his colleagues, that he was forgetting his own work and notes, that he was forgetting his letter writing, and that he didn't know any more how to write words. "The affected organ is my head. The result is loss of memory and clarity and vertigo." All these symptoms make it most likely that Faraday suffered from an insidious mercury poisoning from the vapors used in the laboratory. It makes you shudder to think how, in all likelihood, this rich intellect could have been freed from this suffering, and what gifts he could have given to science if the cause of his illness could have been recognized and remedied. Maybe--Professor Jaensch (Marburg) brings this to my attention--the mysterious sickness the mathematician, physicist, and philosopher, Blaise Pascal (1623-1661), succumbed to when he was still young was mercury poisoning. Pascal worked with mercury in his well-known barometer research. His suffering from sustained headaches, vertigo, toothache, loss of appetite, and lasting bad colic complete the picture of advanced slow mercury poisoning. No doubt mercury, the use of which sadly cannot be done away with in research, has done heavy damage to science in the past as it still does today in the way it curtailed the output of many a researcher. May this present-day warning help us pay better attention and avoid the dangers of this insidious metal. Please view the bibliography in the original article: Die Gefaehrlichkeit des Quecksilberdampfes, von Alfred Stock (1926) Last modified: October 14, 2006

Tuesday, September 1, 2020

Saturday, August 29, 2020

1920s Homemade Septagonal Tailpiece Guitar | Jake Wildwood | Reverb https://t.co/XOF2u6FIdn

<<This 1920s Homemade Septagonal Tailpiece Guitar was listed on #Reverb by @jakewildwood (no longer available, but tbh it's just too cool not to share.)>> - Instagram post by @reverb https://t.co/IzUQc3y9Bp"

Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Sunday, August 23, 2020

How to be more hopeful | Apr 3, 2018 - Kara Cutruzzula - https://t.co/0xKJeywscZ

Monday, April 13, 2020

Saturday, April 11, 2020

Activate Your Brain ... --- Thank you Eugene K. Choi --- @CarogeneJourney

... The Least of Your Worries by @HacksDestiny

Tuesday, March 24, 2020

Five Year Harvard Study: Music Is Universal https://t.co/uzQJis6d3x

Tuesday, March 17, 2020

Free iOS Minimoog For All

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

Interview: Mark Ronson On Sampling, 'Jacking' And Originality : NPR --- @markRonson #MarkRonson #Alouette

Friday, February 28, 2020

Why New Gear Doesn't Always Spark Inspiration | LANDR Blog https://t.co/kWaGsBsgJu

Saturday, February 22, 2020

What is the difference between 0 dB and 0 dBFS? https://t.co/RH9hF79rub

dBu decibel - dBv dBm dB SPL - How to calculate and interpret their values https://t.co/i8ZzZyCsUv

Thursday, November 21, 2019

: #BRAMS - International Laboratory for BRAin, Music and Sound Research

Thursday, October 24, 2019

ALL YOUR BASE ARE BELONG TO US

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Studio UniT3 on Twitter: "The 9 Cognitive Distortions Taught in College… - The Polymath Project - Medium https://t.co/NYwINFYRac" / Twitter

Wednesday, August 7, 2019

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

No Fructose | Fructose and polyunsaturated oils create modern disease - #keto #LCHF #NoFructose

Dr Gary Fettke - Disease-causing effects of high carbohydrate diets https://t.co/36CK05Pd7z via @YouTube #Keto #LCHF

Monday, July 15, 2019

The Magic Pill - Google Search - Just, WATCH THIS MOVIE ! ( -Yes, I am SCREAMING ! ) #Keto #LCHF #EatRealFood

Sunday, July 14, 2019

Ken Berry MD on the “Lies My Doctor Told Me” - #LCHF #Keto - YouTube

Ken Berry MD on the “Lies My Doctor Told Me” - all will be revealed! #LCHF #Keto - YouTube

Nasim Wehbe
Ivor Cummins, Dr. Ken Berry, and Dr. Jason Fung saved my life and my job. I have been Type 2 diabetic since 2010. I was told by the nutritionist to cut sweets (even though I was never big on sweets) and cut soda. Also to cut out everything white. White bread, white rice, etc. I was eating brown rice and whole wheat. I went from 280lbs to 248 but it took 8yrs. In the meantime my blood sugar was going up and my A1C. My Metformin dosage went from 500mg to 1000mg. Since I'm diabetic and a truck driver, by law I have to have an annual physical. Well on November 4th 2018 I did my yearly physical. My fasting blood sugar was at 289. I did not get my medical card and was pulled out of my truck. I went to my family practitioner and on November 6th 2018 my A1C came back at 12.2. This was with 1000mg of Metformin twice a day. My doctor wanted to put me on insulin asap. As a truck driver if you take insulin you can no longer drive a truck. I refused! My doctor was not happy with me. But I was not going to let diabetes destroy my career. That same day I found Dr. Jason Fung. I also found out how Metformin works by preventing the liver from releasing its stored sugar. I immediately went on a 5 day water fast and took myself off Metformin. First 2 days were torture and my blood sugar was constantly in the mid to high 200's. I associated the high blood sugar with my liver dumping sugar to keep me going. By day 3 I was feeling better, a little energetic, and my blood sugar had gone down to the 180's range. Day 4 I had so much energy that I was bouncing off the walls and all hunger had gone away. My blood sugar was in the 140's. During this time I found Dr. Ken Berry and learned about the Ketogenic diet. Also learned how bad carbs were even from the whole wheat stuff I was eating. Day 5 I was feeling great, went about my day with out feeling hungry and my blood sugar went down to between low 140's to high 130's. Day 6 I broke the fast with chicken broth and some shredded chicken breast. I went to Walgreens and bought a A1C self test kit. It had gone down to 11.3. My j9b said I needed to be at a 9.9 or lower to get back in the truck. Well next day I started my Keto diet and while researching I found Ivor Cummins. Learned how cholesterol works and how statins can increase your risk of heart disease. My doctor also wanted to prescribe Simvastatin even though my cholesterol 2as normal. Fast forward to December 6 and I was able to get my A1C down to an 8.9 and finally get back to work and get my medical card. January 6 my A1C had gone down to 6.9. I'm happy that I have an Endocrinologist who is open minded. I can't say the same about my family practitioner. I will be getting blood work done this month to see where my A1C is now. Also my blood sugar is now between the high 90's to low 110's. I went from 248 lbs to 200 lbs in that time and still losing. I have not taken Metformin since November 6th of 2018. God willing my A1C will be between 5.9 to 6.5. Fingers crossed. Thank you to these 3 professionals for saving my job and life, and getting me on track. I'm 44yrs old and feel like I'm in my 20's.

Saturday, July 13, 2019

What's the largest crop in the world ? - Google Search #keto #LCHF

Thursday, July 11, 2019

How quickly do different cells in the body replace themselves?

Wednesday, June 5, 2019

A Farewell for iTunes - The New York Times https://t.co/Bjtchf9eI4 #iTunes #RIPiTunes

Sunday, March 17, 2019

Ivor Cummins - The Fat Emperor Podcast - #LCHF #Keto

Ketosis and Mitochondria - The Best Thing About the Ketogenic Diet (NOT Fat Burning) - Siim Land https://t.co/3Hyru5jhxm #LCHF #Keto

Sunday, February 24, 2019

Food Lies Film | Nutrition Documentary | Sapien Diet

Monday, February 18, 2019

Manifesto for a Post-Materialist Science - Campaign for Open Sciences

Wednesday, November 14, 2018

Is fluorescent light harmful to eyes? - Google Search

Can fluorescent lights affect your vision? - Google Search https://t.co/fuGQtOZWlR

Friday, September 21, 2018

Sunday, August 26, 2018

BARBARA HANNIGAN & LONDON SyO Sir SIMON RATTLE dir GYöRGY LIGETI "MYSTÈRE DU MACABRE" LIVE

Friday, August 3, 2018

LA CONQUÊTE 1973 - Réalisation Jacques Gagné - Images Jean-Claude Labrecque - Scénario et dialogues Michèle Lalonde

#michelelalonde - Twitter Search https://t.co/ZGGQz2ktOU"

Sunday, July 29, 2018

Sunday, July 8, 2018

"... The line must be drawn here! This far, no further! " --Captain Jean-Luc Picard Starship Enterprise - @sirpatstew #StarTrek

Wednesday, July 4, 2018

Thursday, May 31, 2018

In Canada, medical errors and hospital-acquired infections claim between 30,000 and 60,000 lives annually.